What's eating my tillandsia velutina?

Tillandsia velutina's velvety trichome-covered leaves make it highly adapted and largely pest-free when grown in good conditions. Scale insects are the most realistic threat. Mealybugs can hide at the base between leaves. Regular misting, bright light, and good airflow are the most effective long-term prevention for this air plant.

Hard, flat bumps at the leaf base and along the midrib; affected leaves dry out and lose colour Brush off with a soft toothbrush; soak in diluted neem oil solution (1 tsp per litre) for 30–60 minutes; air-dry upside down

Cottony white wax tucked between the tightly-packed leaf bases; hidden until the infestation grows Apply isopropyl alcohol directly with a fine-tipped swab; follow with a thorough water rinse; repeat after one week