What's eating my osteospermum 'sunny serena white'?

Osteospermum 'Sunny Serena White' is an African daisy grown as a garden annual or patio plant. Aphids are the most frequent pest, clustering on soft new growth. Whitefly can build up rapidly in warm conditions, and caterpillars chew petals. Leaf miners occasionally tunnel through foliage, leaving pale winding trails visible from the upper surface.

Dense colonies on shoot tips and under leaves; sticky honeydew, distorted growth, and sooty mould. Spray with insecticidal soap or diluted neem oil; blast off smaller infestations with water; attract hoverflies as natural predators.

Clouds of tiny white insects on underside of leaves; yellowing foliage, sticky residue, and sooty mould. Apply insecticidal soap or pyrethrin to leaf undersides; use yellow sticky traps to monitor and reduce adults.

Ragged holes in petals and leaves; buds sometimes eaten before opening; frass at feeding sites. Handpick larvae; apply Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) spray; check undersides of leaves for eggs and small caterpillars.

Pale, winding tunnels or blotches visible from the leaf surface where larvae tunnel through the leaf tissue. Remove and destroy affected leaves promptly; avoid broad-spectrum insecticides that kill parasitoid wasps; spinosad targets larvae.