What's eating my nepenthes rafflesiana?

Nepenthes rafflesiana, a lowland tropical pitcher plant, is most commonly attacked by mealybugs and aphids on its foliage and pitchers. Scale can appear on older stems. Fungus gnats breed in the moist peat compost. Ironically, the pitchers themselves trap and digest many small insects, offering some natural self-defence.

White wax and honeydew on leaves and pitcher lids; new growth distorted or stunted Remove with alcohol-soaked swabs; spray with diluted neem oil — avoid getting it inside the pitchers; repeat every 10 days

Soft-bodied clusters on tender new leaves and around pitcher tendrils; sticky honeydew attracts sooty mould Knock off with a gentle water spray; use insecticidal soap on infested areas; introduce predatory wasps in a greenhouse

Adult flies hovering over the growing medium; larvae damage fine roots in the wet peat/perlite mix Allow the top layer of compost to dry slightly between waterings; apply Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) drench; use yellow sticky traps