What's eating my korean hornbeam?

Korean Hornbeam bonsai are hardy and relatively pest-free. Aphids are the most common issue, congregating on new spring shoots. Spider mites appear in dry summer conditions, and caterpillars occasionally browse the leaves. Healthy trees with good seasonal care rarely suffer serious damage from any of these pests.

Clusters on new growth in spring; sticky honeydew on leaves, sooty mold, and distorted or curled foliage Blast off with water; treat with insecticidal soap or neem oil; beneficial insects (ladybirds, lacewings) provide natural control outdoors

Stippled, pale foliage and fine webbing on leaves — most common in hot, dry weather or when watering is inconsistent Increase humidity and watering regularity; spray neem oil or horticultural soap; repeat every week for three treatments

Irregular holes or entire sections of leaf eaten; various moth larvae feed on hornbeam foliage from late spring onwards Hand-pick larvae and destroy; apply Bt spray for heavier infestations; check undersides of leaves regularly