What's eating my hoya caudata (sumatra)?

Hoya caudata from Sumatra is a vigorous climber with large, velvety, silver-splashed leaves. Like other large-leaved Hoyas, it is most troubled by mealybugs hiding in leaf axils and along thick stems, and by spider mites in dry indoor air. Scale can also establish on mature stems. Inspect regularly at the base of petioles.

Fluffy white wax deposits at petiole bases and stem nodes; honeydew drips; leaves yellow and growth stalls Treat each colony with a 70% isopropyl alcohol swab; apply weekly neem oil foliar spray; check root zone for root mealybugs if plant declines without visible cause

Pale stippling or bronzing across the large leaf surface; webbing on undersides, more severe in winter when heating dries the air Raise humidity to 60%+; shower plant to knock off mites; spray with insecticidal soap every 5–7 days until clear

Waxy or hard brown bumps clinging to stems and petioles; reduced vigour, yellowing of otherwise healthy leaves Scrape scale off manually; apply horticultural or neem oil spray every 10–14 days, repeating through the crawler stage