What's eating my bucephalandra kedagang?

Bucephalandra 'Kedagang' is grown submerged or emersed in aquatic and terrarium settings. In aquariums, algae — especially green spot algae and black beard algae — is the primary threat, smothering the slow-growing leaves. Pest snails can also graze new growth. In emersed conditions, spider mites or mealybugs may appear.

Hard green discs or dark fuzzy patches on leaves, reducing photosynthesis and causing leaf decline Maintain CO2 levels if possible; reduce photoperiod; use liquid carbon (e.g., Seachem Excel); add Nerite snails or Amano shrimp

Rasped holes or translucent patches in leaves, especially soft new growth Remove manually; use assassin snails or appropriate loaches; avoid overfeeding to prevent snail population explosions

Fine webbing and leaf speckling when grown above water in low-humidity conditions Maintain high humidity in terrarium; spray with insecticidal soap or neem oil; avoid dry, warm stagnant air