What's eating my american holly?

American Holly is most affected by holly leafminer and holly scale, with spider mites in dry conditions. Deer browse foliage and bark heavily in winter, which is a serious threat on young specimens. Birds eat the berries harmlessly. Holly leafminer is the most widespread and damaging insect pest across the eastern US.

Tan or brown serpentine trails or blotches on leaves caused by larvae tunneling inside; heavy infestations make foliage look mottled and unsightly. Remove and destroy affected leaves; apply systemic insecticide (imidacloprid) as a soil drench in spring before adults lay eggs; encourage parasitic wasps.

White or gray waxy bumps on leaves and stems; infested plants show yellowing and dieback. Apply dormant horticultural oil in late winter; use insecticidal soap during crawler stage in late spring.

Browse on foliage, stems, and bark in winter, particularly damaging to young plants and low branches. Install deer fencing or wire cages around young trees; apply deer repellent spray; plant in areas with natural barriers.